Globalization: Good vs Bad Essay

Globalization is happening all around us everyday whether it is wanted or not. Some may believe that globalization is a bad thing and should be controlled to some degree. Others say that it is a great thing that is happening in the world and that it should be seen as a move in the positive direction. What is globalization, What makes it so important, and why is it only recently being noticed? Globalization is a process of interaction and integration between governments, cultures, and companies. It is important because it has effects on the environment, on culture, on politics, and on economics to name a few. Currently speaking, globalization can be summed up as being a free-market, policy driven, open economy and reasonably open governments. People may think that globalization is new, but it is not. In fact globalization has been around for thousands of years, it just had not been noticed as easily as it is today. Technology. Technology is the main reason of why we are noticing globalization. Without technological developments in transportation and communication our world would be much more different. With the developments in transportation people can travel to places that people in the past have dreamt of. Since traveling had been made easier, faster, safer, and more efficient, trading with other countries became possible. The development of the means of communication linked one side of the planet to the other. With communication being a press of a button away news and information can be received within moments of an event happening. All of this is what made globalization more noticeable. Even with all the new communications opened and new opportunities available globalization still is a highly debated topic that seems to split into a pro and con argument. You have the people that say that globalization will help the whole world to deal with crises like unemployment/poverty, it will help to raise the global economy, gradually there will be a world power that is being created instead of separate governments, different cultures are being adopted by others, and we are becoming more accepting and tolerant of each other. Then you have the people that say that globalization is a leading cause of wars, social degeneration, and the outsourcing of countries that can’t keep up any longer with the fast growing demand for items. The people who would argue for globalization would say that it is creating a bunch of job opportunities for people all over the world and that it is also providing companies with the much needed man power. Another pro would be that globalization has made living and utilizing products from various parts of the world incredibly easy. Globalization also brings in the needed foreign exchange into the developing countries from the developed countries and that this helps in development of the nations. They would also argue that culturally, people are becoming more tolerant towards other people, that it is the first step towards accepting the differences of cultures that are present all over the globe and learning to live in relative peace with them. Another point would be that there is a greater exchange in knowledge and that it is educating the range of knowledge around the globe. Overall, if someone were to just hear the pro side of globalization they would be all for it. However, with every pro there is a con side. A person who would be against globalization would argue that one of the major cons of globalization is that it threatens the jobs of many developed countries. There are nations that are constantly losing their jobs as a lot of the work is now being outsourced to developing countries. A ton of effort is being put into setting up branches or companies in other countries. As a result there is a loss of resources from the country itself. Another one for the cons of globalization is that it can lead to the spread of infectious diseases. Apart from that, there are high chances of globalization leading to social degeneration as well because everyone is adapting to different cultures. Unfortunately the biggest threat is posed by the corporate world because a majority of the power lies in their hands. This may not always be a good thing and may not be the safest situation to be in. Eventually, some people think about the cons of globalization in a way that this process can turn into a form of colonization. Finally we get to the most agued con points, war. People against globalization will bring up that most wars could have been prevented if we weren’t so interconnected. Because the world is all connected by communication conflicts of different cultures and religions are more often and wars break out more frequently than before we were all globalized. The reality is, the question whether globalization is good or bad is not black and white. But it has lead to the process of connecting various economies and spreading technology, ideas, and culture has done more good than harm. Globalization has posed the more obvious economic, social and also political benefits worldwide. But it also comes with a small price compared to the big picture. On the economic side of things, globalization is responsible for all the various consumer products that are stacked on shelves in local supermarkets or large chain ones. It has economic benefits on both sides of the countries in trade. A multinational corporation from the U. S. makes a direct foreign investment by building branches in that country and setting factories for production. The corporation then gets cheap labor which creates a greater profit. Socially, there is the spread of technology, knowledge and culture. And politically (a trickier topic), globalization is responsible for spreading differing political ideals ranging from democracy to communism. And the major role of the media in assisting globalization, can expose corrupt governments to the public and therefore, pressure the removal of oppressive dictators. In honest opinion, globalization is not meant to â€Å"level the playing field† and remove poor nations out of poverty. Globalization is meant more to spread knowledge, technology, cultures, religion in a world that’s ever becoming much smaller to live in. The fact that it may create a larger gap between the poor and rich countries is an effect. This is a topic that can’t have one right side. It’s all part of globalization right? To have an open mind and be able to think about both sides of things. With globalization and were it’s heading all you can do is wait and see what happens. So far it’s kind of in a rocky place with the economy being so messed up, but if it gets re-situated then who is to say that globalization is a bad thing or a good thing? Like mentioned above. It isn’t black and white. It’s a gray topic that can go anywhere at this point.

Sahara Desert

General facts: Largest Desert in the world 10 percent of the African continent, 5000 years ago had a significantly larger mammal population, due to it getting dryer and over hunting in the last 100 years, the mammals are near extinction in the sahara. Intro: Definition of desert: â€Å"a region so arid because of little rainfall that it supports only sparse and widely spaced vegetation or no vegetation at all† Deserts cover about one fifth of our planet, and are caused by extremely low rainfall over an area. Arid deserts generally occur at low latitudes, and can be found in North-America, South-America, Africa, and Southern Asia. In deserts such as the Atacama, there has never been any rainfall recorded since record keeping has come into existence. While â€Å"coastal deserts† are mildy warm and get some rainfall and â€Å"cold† deserts are cold. Climate: Temp: The average temperature for this desert is 86 degrees Fahrenheit with the hottest ever recorded being 122 degrees. With freezing temperatures in the winter the climate of the Sahara is one the of the strangest on the planet. Temperature swings of 37.5 to 99.5 have been recorded. Rainfall: the average rainfall for the Sahara is just 2.5 cm and in the eastern parts it only gets .5 cm of rain a year. Seasonal Variations: There are not much variations in seasons in this desert. It is mostly hot with very little rain. The only exception is winter. During winter the temperature can drop below freezing and it is more likely to rain during these times. Human Interaction:  The current state of the biome is as usual with one exception: the water supply. The only human presence is around areas of permanent water supplies, such as oasis’ and water that is underground but close to the surface. Humans that live in these areas use the little water that is available for them selves and take that small amount away from the creatures that live there.

African American Impact on Sports

A life is not important except in the impact it has on others lives. This quote was said by Jackie Robinson who was important in paving the way for other black athletes in professional sports. He was the first black baseball player to play in Major League Baseball. What would professional sports be without all the greatest black athletes such as Michael Jordan, Muhammad All or Jackie Robinson? Today the NAB is filled with a large majority of African American players. The NAB would be nothing without those players. Muhammad All was a boxer, businessman and social activist for equal rights for all races.He wanted equal opportunities for all men, regardless of color, to be successful. Michael Jordan was considered the best basketball player of all time with five regular season Most Valuable Player awards along with three all-star Maps. He had a huge impact on the sport, dominating it from the mid 8(Yes through the late asss. Professional sports and society would not be the Same without them. African American athletes, including Jackie Robinson, Jim Brown, Muhammad All, Michael Jordan and others had a huge impact on American society and sports such as baseball, boxing basketball and football.Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia. Throughout his 10 year long career he was constantly fighting for more rights for blacks in sports and society. Jackie was the first African American to play in Major League baseball. He was the youngest of five children who were raised in poverty by a single mother. Him and his family already had a hard life even aside from all the racism they faced living in the south in the early 1 asss. His older brother Matthew was one of his biggest inspirations for him to PUrSUe his talent in athletics.Matthew won an Olympic silver medal in the 1 936 Olympic games. After high school Jackie went to the University of California where he lettered in four different varsity sports. Before he could graduate he had to drop out for financial reasons. He then went on to play semi-pro football in Hawaii, but the season was cut short due to the starting of World War II. For two years he served as a lieutenant in the United States Army. However he was arrested for not moving to the back of a interracial bus. The charges were later dropped and he was given an honorable discharge. He had a lot of courage and was very against segregation.After his discharge he laded professional baseball in the negro leagues. But because of Robinsons great success he was soon hired by Branch Rickety to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers, in the white league. Branch knew Jackie would be facing severe racism but told him to fight it and stay strong. Throughout his career Robinsons courage was tested. Even many of his teammates were against his playing on their team. Jackie and his family received many threats and criticism. Despite all this adversity Robinson still was extremely successful and was leading the AAA league with a . 349 batting average and . 985 fielding argental.This success got him promoted to the ML and the first game a black player ever played in an ML game was April 15, 1947. The harassment continued. Many teams threatened to not sit out against the dodgers and even some of his own teammates threatened to not play. However Dodgers Manager Leo Drencher told his other players that he would trade them before Robinson. Leo had a very strong loyalty to him. Some people defended Jackie including baseball commissioner Happy Chandler and league president Ford Brick. Jackie Robinson was successful in showing how talented a player e was by being able to push through all the racism and adversity.His first year he helped the Dodgers win the National League pennant. He also led the league in stolen bases and won the Rookie of the year award. In the 1949 season he had a . 342 batting average and led the league once again in stolen bases. This led to him being named the National leagues Most Valuable Player. All these impressive feats led him to be labeled as a hero of the sport. Robinson also became a vocal champion for African-American athletes, civil rights, and other social and political causes. In July 1949, he testified on scarification before the House Un-American Activities Committee.In 1 952, he publicly called out the Yankees as a racist organization for not having broken the color barrier five years after he began playing with the Dodgers. He was very active in social activism for blacks rights. His biggest focus was impacting others lives. Which is shown in this quote said by Jackie Robinson, A life is not important except in the impact it has on others lives. He had a great impact on many peoples lives successfully completing his life goal. After Jackie died his wife created the Jackie Robinson Foundation, which provides nouns students with mentoring programs and scholarships.This program has given 50 million dollars in scholarship money to students across the country. This program was described in the New York Times as, that might be the best educational effort in the country. Jackie was one Of the most influential people on the lives of young people especially young black athletes. Without him this country would not be the same. Cassias Marcella Clay, now known as Muhammad All, was born in Louisville, Kentucky on January 1 7, 1942. He has shown throughout his life that he is not afraid of any fight-?inside or outside the ring. Growing up in the segregated South, All experienced firsthand the prejudice and discrimination that African-Americans faced during this era. He faced racial discrimination head on and it even help Muhammad discover his talent in boxing. When All was 12 his bike was stolen and he told a police officer that he wanted to beat up the thief. Well, you better learn how to fight before you start challenging people, the officer said. This police officer also owned a gym and trained boxers and took Muhammad under his wing and trained him. His first fight ever was in 1954 and was an mature fight that he won by split decision.Only 6 years later he won an Olympic gold medal. Then in 1 964 he claimed the throne as heavyweight champion of the world. Soon after Cassias turned changed his religion to Muslim and changed his name to Muhammad All. Later All created a lot of controversy in the government by refusing to fight in the war after being drafted. Alias reason was that he was a practicing Muslim minister, and that his religious beliefs prevented him from fighting in the Vietnam War. (Bio) The government took All to court and he was found guilty of refusing to join the military.All appealed the ruling and after a long court battle the ruling was overturned. However the boxing association still took away Alias titles and suspended him. In 1970 he returned to the ring. That year All took part in what was called the fight of the century. This fight was between All and Joe Frazier, two of the greatest veering in boxing. After 15 rounds of brutal boxing Frazier bested Muhammad in knockout fashion. Later in 1974 they had a rematch and All got revenge by beating Frazier. His last ever fight was a loss to Tremor Berwick to lose his Heavyweight title in 1 981.He announced his retirement in a press conference following the fight. After his retirement he still was very involved in the community and become a great philanthropist. Over the years he has been involved in many charitable activities such as the Special Olympics and the Make a Wish Foundation. He was also extremely active in fighting for equal rights for African Americans. Outside of boxing, Alias message of black pride and black resistance paved the way for the civil rights movement. (skyline) More recently in 2005 he was given the Medal of Freedom by George Bush. Bush also created theMuhammad All Center in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky. Alias thoughts on this building are Many fans wanted to build a museum to acknowledge my achievements. Wanted more than a building to house my memorabilia. Wanted a place that would inspire people to be the best that they could be at whatever they chose to do, and to encourage them to be respectful of one another. (BIO) Muhammad All is arguable the greatest, and most inspirational men ever. He was constantly helping people and working to make lives better for those around him. These great men have influenced the lives of an uncountable amount of people.

300 W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

300 W - Essay Example The third initiative involves creating proposals for several new courses, including ones on such topics as Hallucinogenic Literature, Women’s Scientific Literature, Space, Film, and Literature. The fourth initiative is the creation of at least one new position in the option. We would like to be able to search for a faculty member who can teach in the areas of women’s, scientific, and nature literature. Finally, we would like to create a scholarship for students to be funded by current full professors in the department. In order to allow the initiatives to run more smoothly, we have assigned certain committee members to the four of them: Initiative 1: Dan Jenkins and Audrey Smith; Initiative 2: Sue Osborne, Kara Jenkins, and Molly Maguire; Initiative 3: Holly Golightly and Jane Eyre; Initiative 5: Dan Jenkins. All members of the committee will work on the fourth initiative. As a head horticulturist, I have been assigned the task of ensuring that all the company managers implement a series of changes intended to improve our company and increase profits. These changes involve two areas: plant breeding and plant

I will upload the specific question later on the file Essay - 4

I will upload the specific question later on the file - Essay Example National security in the US has been a topic of debate in both the social and the political settings for the last one and half decades ago. Tracing the issue back to the 9/11 attacks, it was confirmed that the US has various political enemies whose dedication to projecting mayhem on American Citizens continues to be one threat of living in the US. However, while politics have driven various Arab nations to host and accommodate extremists, it is also confirmed that the US is guilty of applying force in interrogation through Special Forces and the CIA (Cole A, para. 1-7). Since the 9/11 attacks, the treatment of terror suspects changed under the Bush administration where various terror suspects are reported to have been tortured and in some instanced killed in the process. An example of trial injustice under the arms of the CIA is one Zacarias Moussaoui whose connection with the terror attacks raised debate over the authenticity of the US Constitution in the operations of the CIA. Zacarias, while seated in a jail cell for immigration charges was considered a suspect of the events of 9/11 (UMKC, para. 1). Although at first the information appeared blurred and far from a rational explanation, Zacarias connected to the events through the consideration of funds he was receiving through wire transfers as well as enrolling for aviation classes for flying Boeing 747 not having flown a smaller plane (UMKC, para. 1). Although Zacarias was considered the first terror suspect to be tried in the US, it is confirmed that the approach employed by the CIA adds up to higher authority (Cole A, para. 1-7). Under the Bush authority, many are the times when torture and application of the ‘Dark Side’ have been associated with the administration (Linder, para. 1-5). Examples of torture and the application of the ‘Dark Side’ as alleged by

Who Lost China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Who Lost China - Essay Example A loose coalition of Communists and Nationalists in China assisted by the United States and other allied powers had successfully defeated the Japanese forces. The failure to reach an agreement between the two principals, the Communists under Mao Dze Dong and the Nationalists under Chiang Kai Sheik led to a civil war ending in the loss of China to Communism in 1949. The loss of China was essentially the result of deterioration in Nationalist power and influence, inability of American foreign policy to influence events and long term antipathy towards aliens in the country. The Nationalist forces after years of corruption and misgovernance had lost the initiative in the country. The Nationalists lacked popular support, suffered from poor morale and a corrupt leadership. The deficiencies were mainly intrinsic to the Nationalist forces as has also been indicated in the White Paper published by the US Government in 1949.1 While they were not defeated on the battlefield their organizational cohesion which is a function of leadership, confidence and a will to resist had collapsed. The Americans supported Chiang who had lost considerable status as a national leader and the Nationalist Army was no match for the Communists due to break down of a will to fight. The Communists on the other hand could impose discipline and win over the people.

Biological Aspects of Race Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biological Aspects of Race - Term Paper Example Societies have universally accepted this idea that, naturally, humans fall into racial groups. It is true that different people have had mixed ancestry crossing racial boundaries, but there are also undeniably clear physical differences between various populations of the world. The physical differences may reflect genetic differences used by researchers to pinpoint people’s geographical origins. Genes reflect geography certainly. Human genetic differences, on the other hand, do not fall along boundaries that could define race. Without defined boundaries that can guide us, the human racial categories continue to be the product of the human choice. Our definition of race reflects not only biology but culture, history and politics (Cadena, 2000). Human racial groups do compose breeding units that initially were geographical and at times temporarily isolated. However, they could interbreed, producing viable offspring that are also within the species of Homo sapiens. The molecular techniques that have been developed recently to examine genetic differences between populations and individuals such as DNA have produced clear evidence that population differences exist within the human species but racial differences do not. Race should therefore not be equated with ethnicity that is a self-described category with the three components of ancestry, culture and language. These components have affinities to some ancestral groups. The genetic differences that exist between groups, therefore, do not correspond to some historical racial categories (Sarich and Frank, 2004).

International Management Competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Management Competencies - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that cultural intelligence has become inevitable for global managers and employees that have to constantly interact with people from other countries and cultures. Cultural intelligence comprises of certain key competencies that allow effective interaction with people from other cultural backgrounds, such as knowledge about attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and values of different cultures; the ability to adapt and accept these differences and lead everyone effectively. A low score of cultural intelligence (CQ) based on self-assessment indicates the need for the development of cultural intelligence and cross-cultural leadership competencies in order to be an effective global manager. A leader’s role involves various functions such as leading, controlling, communicating, decision-making, negotiating, motivating etc. All of these functions require interaction with others. Therefore, it becomes necessary for leaders/managers to understand t he impact of culture on people’s behavior, attitudes, expectations etc in order to be effective in cross-cultural situations. Efforts to link theoretical learning with experiences while working as a team leader in the past will be made in addition to observations from other leaders/contexts, wherever relevant. Self-assessment of cultural intelligence had arrived at a score of 5, this meant low cultural intelligence. Understanding different cultures and possessing the ability to adapt to other cultures is important to thrive and perform in the globalized world. Low score of cultural intelligence corresponds with certain past experiences at work and outside work during certain interactions with people from different cultures. These interactions more often resulted in confusion, misunderstanding and also conflict. Learning related to various cultural dimensions, intercultural communication, and cultural attributes have been fruitful in assessing certain situations and experience s that had left undesirable memories and feelings in the form of confusion, low self-esteem, and underachievement. A self-analysis of cultural intelligence and self-reflection thereupon has helped in understanding these situations and experiences better. The self-analysis indicated a high motivational drive to learn about other cultures; however, low scores on the knowledge, understandings and behavioral aspects contributed to the low cultural intelligence score. Cross-cultural competencies for leadership include the abilities and attitudes to learn and accept other cultures’ values and belief systems; interpersonal skills; and the required technical expertise, which need to be acquired in order to become an effective leader in cross-cultural settings.

Citibank case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Citibank case study - Essay Example It showed a net income of US $1.6 billion in the first quarter of 2009. In due course of time, the financial condition began deteriorating due to corrupted financial dealings captivating within the banking systems of California in the year 2011. The bank was accused due to its filling of fraudulent documents related to mortgages. As a result, numerous customers of California filed varied types of allegations against Citibank which hampered its brand equity and revenue by a significant extent. Moreover, it also hindered the loyalty and dependency of its target customers resulting in the amplification of organizational risks (Bloomberg L.P, 2012). In addition, the reason for which the lenders accused Citibank was due to change of ownerships of the mortgaged houses. It was mainly identified by a bankrupt home owner of New York named Linda Tirelli in order to regain her collaterals. Besides, it was entirely denied by Citigroup so that the image of the organization can be maintained (Bloo mberg L. P, 2012). Thus, it can be affirmed from the above mentioned facts, that it was a situation of corruption, which declined its individuality from the minds of house owners in California. Question 2: Was the company liable, socially responsible and accountable? Yes, Citibank, as one of the largest players in the international banking and financial sector of United States was accused of providing unethical services to its customers. This is because, Citibank was charged due to its presentation of wrong information regarding the housing mortgages to the citizens of California. Moreover, it also passed various inaccurate facts to the housing departments of United States as well, which resulted in loss of huge funds provided by the government (Scribd, n.d.). The management of Citibank was entirely responsible and accountable for the protest against the violation of the rules of Federal Housing Administration (FHA) insurance programme of United States by offering wrong information to customers. In addition, the higher officials of Citibank were also accused for lending low interest rates in case of housing loans in order to enhance its range of customers as well as total revenue among other apparent players in the market. This resulted in lowering of trust and confidence over the mortgage schemes of FHA insurance offered by Citibank (Scribd, n.d.). Question 3: Is capitalism a just system for allocating resources? Capitalism is referred as the philosophy of financial system that mainly favors personal ownership by an individual or an organization offering services in order to earn revenue or profits. In capitalist economy, an individual or a corporation mainly aims to enhance his/her personal welfare as compared to publics (Scribd, n.d.). Moreover, capitalist economy also desires to prevent his/her individual interest in the market or within the communities. In addition, according to Hofstede (n.d.), individualism is a type of cultural dimension, in which indi viduals are more conscious about their personal relatives and families rather than societies. The citizens of these types of economies are focused on their individual achievement and victory. In addition, self-interest rather than empathy is the prime objective of a capitalist economy (Hofstede, n.d.). Thus, economy of United States also shows highest degree of individualism, which mainly concentrates on the benefits of individuals. Moreover, the citizens of United States were not at all interested to work in

Strategic Planning for International Tourism Essay

Strategic Planning for International Tourism - Essay Example The current branding strategies will be looked into and other than the analysis, we will look into possible ways or practices that could improve the exposure of tourism in New Zealand and result in an even more successful approach. Currently, New Zealand is one of the top contenders among modern tourist attractions. With its beautiful landscapes, tourist attractions, rich cultures, numerous opportunities for adventures and of course, the Lord of The Rings films sites; New Zealand makes an ideal holiday getaway. (Tourism Information and Accommodation, 2008) With all this and more, anyone's time and money spent in New Zealand will definitely be worthwhile. New Zealand Tourism Online (NZTO) has taken a very user friendly and fun-filled approach towards promoting tourism in New Zealand. They offer a wide range of choices to any tourist depending on their interests, tastes, budget and objective. New Zealand is a place where anyone can have the time of their life, if you're a young kid or a retired corporate executive or a young couple deciding to lay back for a while, New Zealand has something for everyone. Lord of the Rings is a fantasy story written by the author J. R. R. Tolkien. Its movie adaptations have swept the international box office with multiple Academy Awards for the three films made so far; The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers and The Return of the King. It would be nothing new to the fans around the world that New Zealand is home to Lord of The Rings! The three films were shot at different locations in New Zealand. This makes New Zealand one of the hottest modern day tourist attractions, not only for the LOTR fans, but everyone can enjoy the story behind the locations and experience a piece of the amazing saga. 1.1.1 Middle Earth is New Zealand As mentioned earlier, New Zealand was home to the Lord of The Rings movie franchise. The set of Middle Earth was chosen to be the scenic landscapes of New Zealand. The person who chose to shoot the movie here, Peter Jackson, is also a native. The location for Hobbiton was chosen as the hilly area of Matamata, The famous Mt. Doom was actually the Mt Ruapehu. Other than that Queenstown was the used sets for locations such as the Pillars of Argonath and the Eregion Hills. (Lord of the Rings - New Zealand, 2007) New Zealand Tourism Online has made great use of this fame New Zealand has been accredited to. They offer a complete list and description for all the movie sites and ways to experience these locations to the fullest. Also they provide in depth description of the movie itself with images and graphics on the website along with further details. Branding for the Key Destinations' Products The tourism industry of New Zealand has been performing a good job with branding the top attractions and products New Zealand has to offer. The NZTO website features a 'Highlights' section in which they very main key attractions that New Zealand has to offer to tourists are described in detail. The features and attractions listed include: Skiing and snowboarding, New Zealand is one of the top ski holiday destinations in the world. The country offers a variety of locations and terrains for all kinds of snow sporting experiences, from snow boarding to skiing. Apart from that, New Zealand offers extensive training in

Differents between Product & service Essay Example for Free

Differents between Product service Essay Assignment Topic: â€Å"Difference between Product and Service Market† Product: In marketing mix, product is very important elements. Product means the need satisfying offering of a firm. Service: A service is an intangible product that provides benefits to consumers and often involves human or mechanical effort. Service is also a deed performed by one party for another. Differences between Product and Service marketing: I think, there is nothing like a pure product or a pure service in actual life. Most of the time they come bundled together. When we visit a restaurant, we look forward to the food (product) as well as atmosphere and experience (service). I found many differences between PM SM. Given it bellow: Products come to customers whereas customers come to services. Product benefits are embedded inside the product and can be transported to their customers through distribution channels. Services are location-based and the customers need to travel to theses service. Customers like many of their products to be standardized but they want most of their services to be customized. The quality expected from a product is mostly depends on its manufactured time, which materials are used etc. On the other hand, quality expected from a service is very different. It depends on how the service providers are selected, trained and motivated. The products are tangible and can be sampled before buying. On the other hand, service is experiential and sometimes based on a belief. The product market is scaled up by  expanding the manufacturing capacity, distribution and sales and access to more customers. On the other hand, the service market is not easy to scale up. A product (flat, car, machine ) can be owned and can go into the balance sheet as an asset. But a service cannot be owned and as is shown as an expense. The customers buy products essentially for the value they find inside. On the other hand, the customers buy services for the value of they find in the encounter with the service provider In product market, the managers are the heroes. On the other hand, in service market, the front line employees are the real heroes. Word-of-mouth is much more influential in a service purchase than it is to a product purchase. (source: \\google.com\images) 4p’s of marketing: Product: Offering the right product, service or experience. An actual product is depends on product variety, quality, features, design, brand name, packaging, sizes, services, warranties, return. Price: Controls the perceived value and satisfaction. Actual price is created by list price, discounts, payment periods, allowances and credit value. Place: Allows customers easy access to product and supports. Before choose a place to think about distribution channel, coverage, suitable location, easy transport system etc. Promotion: Communicates the offer and value pro-position. Like sales promotion, advertising, sales force, public relation, direct marketing etc. There are also 3p’s of service marketing. Given it bellow: People: It refer to all people directly or indirectly involved in the consumption of a service. For example: employees and other customers. Physical evidence: It is related to the environment in which the service is delivered and tangible that helps to communicate and perform the service. Process: It is the delivery and operating system of procedures and flow to activities which services are consumed.

Computer Games Essay Example for Free

Computer Games Essay 1)Computer games do more harm than good to children. † Nowadays, more and more children play computer games because there is a computer at almost every home. Moreover, the number of Internet cafes is increased and playing games becomes easier. Personally, I believe that computer games are not beneficial for children but they have an negative impact on them. To start with, the majority of computer games have violent scenes. They imitate wars and the child takes the role of a soldier who has to kill a lot of people in order to win the battle and consequently the game. That is why many children have violent behavior at school. When they are young, they cannot distinguish the game from reality and sometimes they attack against their classmates. This violent behavior comes definetely from this kind of games. Another reason that I think is worth mentioning is that a lot of children prefer to play computer games rather than to meet they friends. This situation leads to unsociable, unfriendly and shy personalities. When they enter another stage of their life, for instance when they become teenagers or even adults, they find it difficult to communicate with other people. Moreover, being alone leads to depression. This is an important problem that many teenagers experience. Computer games have a strong power over children making them play many hours per day. Thats why they do not have time to do their homework and their grades at school become weaker over time. For example, my cousin who is 15 years old used to play computer games approximately 4-5 hours per day. When his parents got his grades they realized that his performance was not satisfied. My cousins teacher told they parents that he could not concentrate during the lectures and he rarely did his homework. His parents discussed with their son and they agreed that he would play less and do his homework regularly. In final consideration, a child can become addicted to computer games playing many hours per day non stop. This is very serious because it may lead to situations where the child may become unsociable and experience depression. Moreover, children adopt an violent behavior toward their classmates or family members. Finally, they are unable to concentate on their homework and concequently they performance at school becomes poorer over time.

The Theories And Implications On Corporate Financial Decisions Finance Essay

The Theories And Implications On Corporate Financial Decisions Finance Essay This paper concerns mainly on exploring the area of corporate valuation models and their implications in assessing the value of corporate firms. The models to be reviewed and analyzed are Economic Value Added (EVA), Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Free Cash Flow (FCF). The selected models would be used on 5 publicly listed firms in the Bursa Malaysia. The aim of this study is to analyze the three models on how it can be utilized in helping a firm to create, sustain and access its corporate value. This paper consists of six parts, which are introduction, literature review, importance of theories and its implications on corporate financial decisions in Malaysia, application of concepts, tenets, fundamentals, technical issues, etc to the five chosen firms, methodology to analyze 5 years financial data of the selected firms and conclusion. Introduction In this paper, three corporate valuation models have been chosen as our main concern, which are Economic Value Added (EVA), Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Free Cash Flow (FCF). We then apply the selected valuation models and methodologies to five publicly listed firms in the Bursa Malaysia from the food and beverage industry. The five companies are Dutch Lady Milk Industries, Fraser Neave Holdings Berhad, Nestle Ltd, QSR Brands Bhd and Yeo Hiap Seng (M) Berhad. Summary will be made by reviewing ten journal articles under the literature review part for a preliminary understanding of the models. This paper includes four journal articles for EVA as well as another seven journal articles for FCF and CAPM. In addition, we will identify the importance of the theories and describe its implication on corporate financial decisions in Malaysia. This study has provided us a great learning opportunity by accessing the company value of the real corporate firms. It also provides us a lear ning platform in how to utilize the valuation tools to evaluate companys performance for investment purpose in the future. Literature Review Economic Value Added (EVA) Economic Value Added (EVA) is a corporate valuation tool developed by Stern Stewart Co. to assist managers in their decision making by incorporate two basic principle of finance inside. The first principle is the financial goal of any company for shareholders wealth maximization and the second one is that a companys corporate value is based on the extent to which investors expect future earnings to exceed or fall short of the cost of capital. Another way to explain is that, EVA is developed to align decisions with shareholders wealth. According to Stewarts study in 1994, it is proved that EVA as the single best tool of measuring wealth creation on a contemporaneous basis and the result in describing changes in shareholders wealth is about 50 percent better than its greatest accounting-based rival of EPS, Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). EVA model assist managers in better investment decisions making, to identify improvement opportunities as well as to consider the short-term and long-term benefits for a firm. Based on Taubs study in 2003, it is observes that most of the valuation models used among industries focus only on the financial or accounting information. Unlike EVA, it combines factors like accounting, market and economy information in a companys performance evaluation. Various studies have proved the superiority of using EVA over other traditional models for evaluate companys performance due to its transparency and capacity to obtain more important information. According to Kudla and Arendts study in 2000, EVA can eliminate the arising conflicts and confusion when a company employs multiple measures like EPS, Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Equity (ROE) and Net Operating Profit after Tax (NOPAT). Furthermore, EVA can also be used as a tool to eliminate economic distortions of General Accepted Accounting Practice (GAAP) to focus decisions on the actual economic outcomes. It promotes better evaluation of decisions that have an impact on the income statement and balance sheet or trade-offs between each other. Also, EVA managed to cover every aspect of the managerial cycle through the use of the capital charge against NOPAT. There are also studies indicate that EVA is a superior measure of the managerial decisions quality. From Fishers study in 1995, EVA is suggested to be treated as a reliable pointer in estimating a firms value growth in the future. Also, according to Sterns study in 1989, the purpose of EVA is to change the management behavior as well as their performance, leading managers to act in the owners interest. It can be used as a motivation tool to encourage managers to create shareholder value by being a basis for management compensation. Importance of the theories and implications on corporate financial decisions in Malaysia As business grows wider and complex across the border, there is a demand for better valuation tool to evaluate the performance of the business. It is important to adopt more innovative performance metrics so that the companys management behaviors can be closely monitored to achieve the goal of maximizing the shareholders benefits. It is also important to access a firms value for any decision making regarding business expansion or contraction. According to the article of The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), Latest Trends in Corporate Performance Measurement (1992), many companies were experiencing difficulties in implementing measurement frameworks and these statements have been brought to today. There is a study conducted by Dr. Issham Ismail in Malaysia with the purpose to examine the relationship between EVA and the company performance in Malaysia. The study indicates that EVA has a strong relationship with stock return as compared to other measures due to its focus on long-term performance. EVA enhances stock performances by including more informational content in describing the stock returns. According to the study, EVA is considered as a better alternative to other traditional valuation tools such as EPS, ROE, etc. Its characteristic of transparency and capacity to provide more important information helps investors in Malaysia to make better investment decision as well as the resources allocations decisions. Besides that, EVA and MVA can be also treated as performance measures and signals for any strategic change (Lehn and Makhija, 1996). There is another study conducted by Norfarah, Suhaila and Wan Mansor in Malaysia regarding the adoption of EVA on real estate corporations in Malaysia. In Malaysia, real estate sectors have grown to become a large sector and continue to develop for the past two decades even through difficult economic period. Some has been performing well in the industry such as IOI Properties and Boustead Properties Bhd while some of them are experiencing hardship like Country Heights, Land General, and Damansara Realty. In order to identify the company potential of adding more shareholders value, an alternative corporate valuation model has been introduced, which is EVA, proposed by Stern Stewart Management Services. The adoption of EVA is considered to be more comprehensive as its measurement tool provides a clearer picture of whether a business is raising or reducing shareholder wealth. Most of the multinational companies such as Sony, Coca-Cola and Monsanto have formally announced their adoption and implementation of EVA as management systems in their quest of the value. On the other hand, EVA based performance plan produces positive result towards a company management. There is a study on the effects of adopting management bonus plans based on residual income measures. According to Wallaces study in 1997, EVA based performance plan motivates managers to utilize companys assets in a more productive and efficient way. This hence, reduce of the conflict between managers and shareholders interest and the decreasing agency cost eventually help the company to boost its profit after the adoption of the residual income based incentives plans. As a result, EVAs superiority is proved in encouraging managers for shareholder wealth creation. However, in order to work out the EVA compensation system, it requires large commutation effort and extensive training for both managers and their subordinates. Lastly, EVA and its practical applications as a management control system for performance measurement which helps manager to make better investment decisions. Methodology Economic Value Added is an evaluation tools used to examine a companys true economic profitability because it factors in net operating income after taxes interest minus the opportunity cost of capital deployed to earn that net operating income. In other words, EVA tells whether a companys financial performance is higher or lower than the minimum required rate of return for shareholders or business lenders. Besides that, EVA also tells investors if their amount of invested capital in the business is providing them a higher return than their minimum, or if it is better to shift their capital elsewhere. There are few steps required in calculating EVA and this is how Economic Value Added (EVA) is used by the financial analysts. Annual reports from the five selected firms have been sourced respectively in this report. First of all, we have to identify the earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) from the income statement. Next we have to calculate the Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT) by deducting the Income Tax Expenses from the EBIT. Afterwards, we need to determine the invested capital deployed in the business by deducting Non-interest Bearing Current Liabilities from Total Assets. Then, we need to calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). WACC calculated by adding Risk Free Rate with Beta multiply by Market Risk Premium, where Market Risk Premium is calculated by deducting Risk Free Rate from Market Return. Take WACC multiply with the Invested Capital and finally, EVA can be found by deducting the multiplication of WA CC and Invested Capital from the Net Operating Profit after Tax. The calculation formulas for EVA are as follows: EVA = NOPAT (WACC * Invested Capital) where, NOPAT = Profit Lost Before Interest and Tax Income Tax Expenses and, Invested Capital = Total Assets Non-interest bearing Current Liabilities and, Cost of Equity, WACC is calculated by using CAPM Model where, WACC = Risk Free Rate + ( Beta * Market Risk Premium ) where, Market Risk Premium = Market Return Risk Free Rate Free Cash Flow Literature Review Free cash flow (FCF) refers to the cash generated by the assets of the business available for distribution to all the shareholders and it cant be affected by the businesss capital structure. A firms stock value is calculated by projecting the future free cash flow (FCF) that will be generated by the business assets and then compute the present value of FCF by discounting them at the appropriate required rate of return. FCF appeared to be an appropriate valuation model to be used when (1) the firm doesnt pay dividends at all or pays out lesser dividends than dictated by its cash flow, (2) free cash flow tracks profitability or (3) the analyst takes a corporate control perspective. The present value of FCF is the most fundamentally useful valuation tool used in assisting any investing decisions like investment opportunities appraisal and corporate valuation (Arumugam, 2007). It can also be used to measure the potential of investment opportunities as well as to forecast the firms future performance by accessing its corporate value. Based on an article written by Ben Lardes in March 2010, a companys free cash flow reflects a lot of information about the company performance. Obviously the higher the free cash flow of a business is, the more money you can expect to earn as the businesss shareholder. Every firm has different FCF, which is depends on how well is their performance over the periods. For instance, a well performing firm may have a good amount of positive cash flows. On the contrary, a firm may not have a positive cash flow at all if it has been struggling to succeed. A firm will have a negative FCF if its expenses are exceeding its income. By looking at the FCF, a company can decide whether to go on with its current business direction or to change its management operation. However, negative FCF does not always signify problems within a business. The negative FCF may be due to the preparation of business expansion in the future. The age of a company and its circumstances should always be in the consider ation before judging it purely based on its free cash flow. According to the study conducted by McClure, although FCF has its merits, it still has some limitations and the most significant one would be the garbage in, garbage out principle. Predicted FCF is used as the main input in DCF calculation to evaluate any investment decisions, thus the quality of FCF is very important in the valuation process in order to get an appropriate and reliable outcome. If all the FCF values have found to be inaccurate, then it will be useless in assessing the firms stock price. Therefore, the ability to make good future projections of FCF is critical. The more you confident about the future cash flow, the better project evaluation you can made, leading to a desirable profit from your investment. In this case, the forecast of potential cash flow appeared to be the tricky part, as you are required to prepare a full financial model to get a better estimation. This requires some serious analysis of the business, the macro-economic environment, the legal and regu latory framework and the competitive landscape (Cartmail, 2010). Importance of the Theories Implications on Corporate Financial Decisions in Malaysia Investing decisions can be made based on a simple analysis like selecting your desire firm with a product you expect to have high demand in the future. The underlying expectation is that the company will continue to produce and sell high-demand products and will generate cash flow back to the business. The second part is that the companys management will know where to spend this cash to continue its operations whereas the third assumption is that all of these expected future cash flows are worth more today than the stocks current price.   Free cash flow (FCF) tracks the remaining operating cash flow for the shareholders after laying out the money a firm required to expand or sustain its asset base. It is important as it allows business to pursue more opportunities that could enhance shareholders value. Present value of all free cash flows is the key indicator of a firms equity value. The growing FCF is often a prelude to increased profits. Firms that facing surging FCF as a result of revenue growth, debt elimination, improvement of operational efficiency and others, can reward their investors tomorrow. Thats the reason investors cherish FCF as a sound valuation metric. The odds are good when a firms FCF is increasing, it is believed that the firms share value will soon be increased as well. An important thing to note is that, negative FCF is not bad in itself, however it could represent a sign that a firm is engaging in large investments (Investopedia, n.d.). DCF is one of the favorable and sound tools to be used in corporate valuation because it can produce outcome, which has the closest value to an intrinsic stock value. Unlike other valuation tools like P/E ratio, DCF analysis relies on FCF. It is believed that FCF reflects a clearer view of a firms ability in generating cash, as profits can sometimes be clouded by accounting tricks, but cash flow cannot. The reason is because cash flow generation is hardly to be influenced by accounting assumptions and practices. Also, FCF is a trustworthy measure that eliminates most of the arbitrariness and guesstimates found in reported profits (Investopedia, n.d.). Other than that, FCF can be considered as a forward-looking metric because it depends more on future prospects rather than past results. In addition, it also enables expected operating strategies to be included in the valuation as it allows varies business components to be valued separately. On the other hand, free cash flow theory has important implications for the leverage effect on a firms investment financing decisions. The FCF model implies that for an over-investor, an increase in leverage should lead to a reduction in unprofitable investment spending. Additional leverage will leave less amount of free cash flow at the discretion of the managers at the same time that it increases the intensity level at which the companys activities can be closely monitored. Overall investment will become more efficient as the firm substitutes contractually obligated debt service for negative net present value investments. Empirically, the reduction in unprofitable investment spending should contribute to an increase in the firms stock price that reflects the improved efficiency of managerial investment decisions. Methodology Free Cash Flow (FCF) is the cash generated by the companys assets and it is available for distribution to all the shareholders. It is used to tracks the remaining operating cash flow available for the shareholders after laying out the money a firm required to expand or sustain its asset base. It is calculated by deducting Net Investment in Operating Capital from Net Operating Profit after Tax (NOPAT), where NOPAT is calculated by deducting Income Tax Expenses from the Profit Lost before Interest and Tax (EBIT) and Net Investment in Operating Capital is obtained by using the Operating Capital at time t to minus the Operating Capital at time t-1. Operating Capital is calculated by adding up Net Operating Working Capital (NOWC) and Net fixed Assets, where NOWC is calculated by deducting Non-interest Bearing Current Liabilities from Operating Current Assets. The calculation for FCF is as followed: Free Cash Flow (FCF) = Net Operating Profit after Tax (NOPAT) Net Investment in Operating Capital where, NOPAT = Profit Loss before Interest and Tax (EBIT) Income Tax Expenses and, Net Investment in Operating Capital = Operating Capital at time t Operating Capital at time t-1 where, Operating Capital = Net Operating Working Capital (NOWC) + Net fixed Assets where, NOWC = Operating Current Assets Non-interest bearing Current Liabilities Capital Asset Pricing Model Literature Review Basically, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is based on Markowitz (1959) and Tobin (1958), who introduced the risk-return portfolio theory. The primary implication of the CAPM is the mean-variance efficiency of the market portfolio. The efficiency of the market portfolio implies that the positive linear relationship between expected returns and market betas is exists and only beta is playing a significant role in explaining the expected returns of stocks. Several attempts have been done to test the implications of the CAPM using historical rates of returns of securities and historical rates of return on a market index. The CAPM is relies on several assumptions with the fact that every investor wants to maximize the expected satisfaction of their wealth. An addition to the risk aversion is that all of them are having the same expectations towards the returns of the securities. The returns of the securities follow a normal distribution, which characterizes the phenomenon of homoscedasticity. Besides that, CAPM also assume that every investor is allowed to borrow any amount of money at the risk free rate. Finally, there are no taxes or other barriers which lead to an imperfection of every market, that is, the market is assume to be in equilibrium and have a perfect competition among all the participants in the market. According to Grigoris and Stavross study in 2006, one of the earliest empirical studies that support the theory of CAPM is that of Black, Jensen and Scholes [1972]. By using monthly data of return and portfolios rather than individual stocks, Black et al tested whether the cross-section of expected returns is linear in beta. By constructing a portfolio made up by an amount of securities, investors managed to diversify away most of the firm-specific risk, thus increasing the precision of the beta estimates and the expected rate of return of the portfolio. This approach eliminates the statistical problems that arise from measurement errors in beta estimates. The data found to be consistent with the predictions of the CAPM, at which the relationship between the average return and beta is close to linear and that portfolios with high (low) betas will have high (low) average returns. There is another classic empirical study that supports the theory conducted by Fama and McBeth in 1973. In the study, they examined whether there is a positive linear relation between average returns and beta. In addition, the author also investigated whether the squared value of beta and the volatility of asset returns can explain the residual variation in average returns across assets that are not explained by beta alone. There are several studies in the early 1980s suggested that there were deviations from the CAPM risk return trade-off due to other variables that affect this tradeoff. The objective of the studies was to find the missing components that CAPM omitted in explaining the risk-return trade-off and to identify the variables that created those deviations. Banz [1981] tested the CAPM by examining whether the size of firms can explain the residual variation in average returns across assets that remain unexplained by the CAPMs beta. CAPM is being challenged by indicating that firm size does explain the cross sectional-variation in average returns on a particular collection of assets better than beta. The author concluded that the average returns on stocks of small firms were higher than the average returns on stocks of large firms, vice versa. This study has known as the size effect. The general reaction to Banzs [1981] findings, that CAPM may be missing some aspects of reality, was to support the view that although the data may suggest deviations from CAPM, these deviations are not as significant to invalidate the theory. Importance of the theories and implications on corporate financial decisions in Malaysia CAPM, which is a theoretical representation of the financial markets behavior, can be used in the estimation of a companys cost of capital. Despite the limitations, the model can be a superior addition to the analytical tool kit of financial manager. The modern financial theory relies on three major assumptions. First, we assume the participants in the securities market are dominated by rational, at which all the investors are risk averse. Risk-averse person often seek to maximize satisfaction from the returns on their investment. CAPM also assume a perfect competitive market, which is in the equilibrium. It means that the financial market is populated with highly sophisticated and well informed buyers and sellers, meaning that the financial market has the characteristic of transparency. The third assumption implies that investors will choose to hold diversified portfolios, means that every investor wants to hold a portfolio that could reflects the stock market as a whole. Although i t is impossible to own the market portfolio, it is relatively easy and inexpensive for investors to eliminate specific or unsystematic risk and construct a portfolio that tracks the stock market through diversification. Another significant problem is that, it is not possible for investors to borrow at the risk-free rate in the real world. This is because the risk associated with individual investor is particularly higher than the risk associated with the Government. This inability to borrow at the risk-free rate means that the slope of the SML is shallower in practice than in theory. However, CAPM is generally considered as a better method to calculate the cost of equity and it explicitly takes into account the sensitivity of a companys security return to market risk. It is clearly superior to the WACC in providing discount rates to be used in investment appraisal. Research has shown the CAPM to stand up well to criticism, although the arguments against CAPM have been increasing in the recent years. Investment managers in Malaysia have widely applied CAPM as well as its sophisticated extension as the investment valuation metric. CAPMs application to corporate finance is the recent development. Although it has been employed in many utility rate-setting proceedings, it has yet to gain widespread use in corporate circles for estimating companies cost of equity. Methodology The Capital Asset Pricing Model indicates a simple linear relationship between expected rate of return and systematic risk or market risk of a security or portfolio. The model is an extension of Markowitzs (1952) portfolio theory. The researchers who are commonly credited with the CAPM development are Sharpe (1964), Linter (1965) and Black (1972) and that is the reason CAPM is normally referred as SLB model. Markowitz (1952) developed a concept of portfolio efficiency through the combination of risky assets that minimizes risk for a given return or maximizes return for a given risk. Variance of expected returns has been used as the measure of risk and then the efficient portfolio will be developed to minimize risk for a given rate of return. The equation of CAPM indicates the relationship between cost of capital and market returns. The general idea behind CAPM is that investors need to be compensated for two reasons: time value of money  and risk. The time value of money is represented by the risk-free rate, Rf  in the equation and investors are being compensated for the forgone opportunity cost and time value of money due to their investment over a period of time. The other half of the equation represents the risk and the risk premium is the compensation for the investors for taking on any additional risk. It is calculated by using a risk measure (Beta) to the market premium (Rm-rf). The calculation of CAPM is as followed: Ri = Rf + ( Beta * Market Risk Premium ) where, Market Risk Premium = Rm Rf where, Ri = return on equity or portfolio Rm = return on the market portfolio Rf = return on risk-free asset Beta = sensitivity of security or portfolio to the systematic risk The equation indicates that the expected rate of return on asset i is equal to the rate of return on the risk-free asset plus a risk premium. The risk premium is calculated by multiplying beta with the difference between the expected rate of the return of the market portfolio and the risk-free rate. Risk free rate can be obtained from the return on Malaysian Treasury bill at particular time of the stock trading while beta can be calculate from the historical prices of stock and the market and the market return can be calculated based on the market index. To calculate the beta value, we need to first calculate the covariance of the security and the market. Second, we need to calculate the variance from market return. Next, we need to divide covariance of the particular security and market by variance of market to obtain the value of beta.

Societys Fear of Genetic Engineering Essay -- Papers Science Biology

Society's Fear of Genetic Engineering Works Cited Not Included Anti-technologists and political extremists misinform, and over exaggerate statements that genetic engineering is not part of the natural order of things. The moral question of genetic engineering can be answered by studying human evolution and the idea of survival of the fittest. The question of safety can be answered by looking at the current precautions of the industry. The concept that society needs to understand is that with the right amount of time and money genetic engineering will help reduce disease and save countless lives. Many people do not realize that genetic engineering plays a role in many lives through out the world. Genetic engineering includes artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, sperm banks, cloning, and gene manipulation (Goetz 178). Synthetic insulin is now available for use to treat diabetes. This man made insulin has many positive aspects, which include its life span, cost to manufacture it, and the amount that is available. The synthetic insulin lasts two to three times longer than its natural form and costs substantially less to manufacture than to extract it from an animal, primarily pigs. One other benefit is the amount that can be manufactured. In pigs, the scientists need to wait for it to mature to extract the insulin. The synthetic source is completely man made and any amount can be manufactured in large quantities. The replication of insulin is not the only way biotechnology is being utilized. Today people receive synthetic hormones that their body cannot produce such as growth hormones, thyroid, estrogen, and testosterone. Vaccines are also another form of genetic engineering that h... ...hing that man was not supposed to be able to control. These ideas stem from people?s fear and religious affiliation. This is based on opinions that people have formed, once again, because of their ignorance towards genetic engineering. The fear that people have toward genetic engineering is not new to science. Ever since the beginning of science, man has been afraid of the unknown. Space travel and flying were not widely accepted until the twentieth century and was completely absurd just one hundred years ago. Today they are widely accepted and are used everyday. Genetic engineering is in the first stage of its discovery and will emerge in the twenty first century and will be as accepted as is flying and space travel. The people of the world should ease up on holding back the evolution of science and realize its possibilities for future generations

Blood Stained Water :: Papers

Blood Stained Water A shrill screamed issued from her mouth, it filled the room, and then stopped as suddenly as it began, leaving echoes lingering in the air. The body of a man lay on the floor, dressed in a charcoal black suit, and faded around the cuffs and the collar. His ageing wrinkled hands clutched onto his chest, soaked in the warm, wet blood, which stained his shirt. A faint drip could still be heard in the eerily silent study. His face was so vivid with fear. It could be seen in his usually warm, brown eyes. His oval spectacles were shattered on the floor beside him. The moonlight peered through a gap in the thick, woven cream curtains it was reflected off the shards of lens over the walls and ceiling like a 70s disco ball, though the atmosphere was much different. A rug of screwed paper littered the floor next to the empty filing cabinets, hours of notes on hundreds of patients now showered across the floor. The rest of the study looked as normal, the room dark, save for the small lamp which lit the heavily varnished mahogany bureau, shining on the doctors most recent work, the ink still wet. Blackness lurked in every corner, hopefully it was only the blackness that lurked there, nothing else was hiding in the shadows, and whatever had been there had long gone. It was an unnerving place to be. "Name?" asked the balding police detective. "Miss Heather Chandler" replied the young woman. "Victim's name?" he questioned with the same unemotional voice. "Please do we have to do this now? He only died last night." Sniff, the emotions of the girl struggled o stay inside. "I understand Miss, but it's easier to get it out of the way. Try and answer what you can and stop when you've had enough." Despite his words being sympathetic his voice didn't change, it seemed routine, as if he was reciting from a textbook or something. Sniff " ok, his name was Doctor Steven Chandler" sniff, her sniffs

The New Electronic World Essay -- Internet Technology Technological Pa

The New Electronic World Cyberspace has become a reality of everyday life. People across the world spend significant amounts of time and effort in the construction, maintenance, and innovation of the Internet. This advancement has created two classes: those who are in control of this new culture and those who are left behind. The fact also remains that there will always be a negative aspect for every positive one. The Internet has shown us technology at its zenith and at the same time, the perverted reflection of our society. The Matrix portrays the future of our world in the way of its innovators, one group abusing the power to enslave another. In this case, the Internet advances through the direction of people intending to utilize the power for self-centered purposes. The end result is a world in which a virtual environment was created within the minds of an imprisoned class of people. There are many theories regarding the Internet today and whether it is actually providing benefit to our world, or causing more problems than its worth. The more we progress the more others, it seems, are left behind. The Internet truly has its positive aspects. From instant information at ones fingertips to the ability to communicate across the world at the cost of a local phone call, one can easily argue that the Internet has improved our world. But as in many cases, the negative aspects of a modern innovation are more easily exploited by those who consciously or not, are destroying our environment. The access to pornography, the computer viruses damaging corporate business, and the hacking that virtual thugs find humorous are all examples of abuse that create a more negative viewpoint of the Internet. The Matrix takes this theory... ... An addiction rarely can be identified until it is too late. While the theory of The Matrix was a complex one, and at times, quite unbelievable, certainly there are those who have become too reliant on the Internet for the bare essentials of life. It is true the Internet is an incredible tool for sharing information, researching truths, and conducting business, however, it is also true that the Internet is often used as a replacement for reality. These groups of people are the ones who are in danger of becoming the drones as described in the movie. These are the people that are in danger of one day waking up and realizing that they live in a world they do not truly know. Works Cited Rheingold, Howard. The Heart of the WELL. Composing Cyberspace. Ed. Richard Holeton. Boston: McGraw Hill, 1998. Andy and Larry Wachowski. The Matrix. Warner Bros. 1999.

Human Nature: Good or Bad?

The great philosopher Socrates said â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living. † We are forced to examine our lives at some point by the pressing questions of our own nature. The answers to questions of our goodness or badness are answered every day by our actions and the actions of those around us. One doesn’t have to look far to see both the best and the worst of who we are as a species. Axe body spray and perfumes for men is known to be one of the most sexist and misogynistic companies around.Their commercials depict women as sexual objects, to be rounded up by perfume and used for the wearers desire. Antithetical to that, Dove is known for it’s Real Beauty campaign. Empowering women to be proud of who they are and what they look like, Dove makes great efforts in the self-respect movement. Something that is little known to the general population is that these two brands are owned by the same big corporation: Unilever. This is an example of how people take advantage of other peoples values and circumstances.All they want is money. Large corporations don’t care if you get the girl or if you feel beautiful, they are just trying to make as much money as possible. It is evident that they take advantage of young peoples desires to feel wanted, and many peoples desires to feel comfortable in their own skin for their own benefits, no matter the contradiction in values. Cancer is something everyone will experience in their lives. At some point in any given life, someone will encounter cancer in themselves or a loved one.In New Zealand, an organisation called Project Promise was raising funds to build a cancer research hospital. They were $383,000 short of what they needed, and time was running out. When the members of the organisations were beginning to lose hope, someone donated one million dollars. They set out to find who it was, but the donor wanted to remain anonymous. This was selflessness as best we know it. The concept of altru ism is one under debate on it’s own; but the idea of altruism in a broad sense is displayed here.Whoever donated this money was not out for a material return or accolades from their peers. Perhaps this amount was much to give, perhaps not; either way, it was needed and someone gave it. The anonymity let the donor do something good without receiving material or social benefits, showing that selflessness is possible. Hurricane Sandy happened last year and caused devastation for the residents along the Jersey shore. So many people were left homeless and there weren’t many police officers or law enforcement agents around to keep control of the situation.Many people were considered heroes in this situation; giving up their time and resources to help those who lost everything. There are still people helping those who became homeless, and some still who are giving more of their time and efforts to set up programs for the mentally ill to cater to their specific needs. However, there have also been looters. People who took whatever they could find from wherever they could find it. There are construction companies who are taking advantage of desperate families and committing fraud.They are scamming people who already have nothing to take even that away. With no restraints, people do anything, whether good or bad. Religious institutions are more and more in the news with both good and bad happenings within. Religious institutions have been called out for the wrongdoings they have condoned, and praised for the good things they have condoned. The new Pope has made a big step in telling catholics around the world to stop hate and move on from certain issues that have lead to exclusion of certain groups from the church.By telling the world of catholics that they â€Å"cannot insist only on issues related to abortion, gay marriage and the use of contraceptive methods†, he opened a window for people to get over these things and accept people for who they a re. Stephen Weinberg said that â€Å"with or without [religion] you would have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things, that takes religion. † Religion gives people reasons to do atrocious things. If one believes their god tells you to do something under threat of eternal torture, one will do anything.Honour killings, terrorism, hate speech, telling people in AIDS-ridden countries not to use condoms, and systematically moving rapist priests to different churches instead of prosecuting them are all things done in the name of god. Most people would agree that these things are not good things. Government does nothing to control human nature but create the laws to which citizens must abide by. By looking around the world at various governments, it is evident that people will act how they naturally are independent of government.Government only tries to regulate a forced goodness in people. In Syria, China, Egypt, Irela nd, Germany, and Canada- all around the world and in all forms of government- people do great and terrible things. However, contrary to that is the example of the country of North Korea. In North Korea it is completely illegal to have differing opinions to the one that the government has. If it is found that someone has different ideas of how things should be, their family, including them, is thrown into concentration camps.In this case, the government is being completely controlling of everything everyone does, thinks, and feels in reaction to anything. There are people in this world who do the right things, people who do the wrong things, and some are indifferent. It is illogical and unfair to generalise seven billion people and counting into one fixed human nature. People make choices every day, and those choices are based on both what one knows and what one doesn’t know; the choices made by an individual may vary depending on what their circumstances are. Other peoples ch oices can change what may have happened.Ilyas Kassam said that â€Å"an over examination of life can deter you from life itself. † There are times when it is helpful and important to examine one's life and think about what it means to be human. The conclusion I have drawn about our nature is that we don’t have a nature. To find out whether someone is a kind or evil person it is necessary to learn about them, to know their circumstances, and to try and understand why they make the choices they do. There will always be evil people, but the one thing to keep hope for is the fact that there will always be good people too.

Is Batman a Real Superhero

Is Batman a real passingintendent adept, match to a lot of people they would enjoin he is not and when you would ask for a reason why not they give usu bothy forever and a solar daylight give the homogeneous reason that he washstandt be angiotensin converting enzyme since he has no top-notch power. al cardinal Im writing this paper to show that a highly numbfish isnt necessarily rigd by his powers, solely rather, his zeal for fighting discourtesy and his innate(p) ability to do so. Batman may not puzzle overseer human powers yet he sh atomic number 18s both other trait that other first-rate heroes restrain that define them.As well another ca manipulation of why we may consider Batman to be a real super hero is Lex Luthor, Lex does not get under ones skin each super powers scarce he is defiantly a super scoundrel, thus with him creation a super villain how could we not oppose to Batman existence a super hero. Interestingly, the condition superhero has been traced back to its first appearance in a 1942 history by Joe Simon and rapsc exclusivelyion Kirby, when it was manipulationd to describe the dressd theatrical role the Guardian, who similarwise had no super-powers.The term super is a coinage of the 1920s, when it came into vogue as a contraction of the word blue-ribbon(prenominal) and should not be construed as always meaning just ab come outthing beyond the ability of ordinary bicycle humans super does not hold in to be synonymous with impossible. Note that in the link below, it is clearly stated that reference cash in ones chipss essential not piss actual supernatural powers to be deemed superheroes. Batman is also served up thither as an example of one of the worlds outflank known superheroes, and he is the prototype of get ahead of costumed heroes who have no miraculous powers.Clearly, Batman qualifies as a superhero and opinions to the contrary be exactly that, mere opinions, and may be ignored with a clear conscience. Webster defines beingness a super hero as a type of stock character possessing extraordinary or superhuman powers and dedicated to value the public and has roughly optic characteristic (typic e very(prenominal)y an outfit) that shake ups him/her identifiable. Batman defiantly fits this definition to the teeth, since he has dedicated his whole (fictional) invigoration to the protecting the citizens of Gotham City, and everyone out at that place has to admit he has some(prenominal) pretty extraordinary powers.But what else defines as super hero A strong example inscribe, which go awaying implicate being pass oning to risk ones own life in piece to serve up individual help and expecting nothing in return. Such code layabout also intromit the refusal or strong reluctance to kill or wield weapons. Batman has never killed anyone and doesnt use guns, he uses gadgets and stealth to subdue his enemies and past make sure they are reach over to the pra ctice of law force. as well a strong motivation and a sensation of responsibility with a hint of some person-to-person vendetta against malefactors, like with Batmans vendetta against the people mugged and shot his parents when they were approach path out of their play they were attending. A super hero must also have a secluded identity that will protect their family and friends from being the target of his enemies. Batman doesnt have a lot of windup friends but the ones he does he wants to protect from villains such as the Joker and the Riddler. Heroes must also have a distinctive costume in order to conceal their identity from the public.They must also have an underlying motive that resembles the heroes name, personal effects and other aspects the character has come to represent, for example Batman takes his name seemingly from a Bat, operates at darkness designs all of his gadgets with a bat prefix, and just about signifi minttly the batmobile tends to resemble a bat. Heroes must also have a supporting entrap of recurring characters in thither comedian books, though not all of them will not know the super heroes conundrum identity which will make the heroes personal relationships with them complicated by the dual life. one of the most important p arts of heroes is their enemies they fight. overseer heroes will usually start by fighting run of the mill villains with no exceptional gifts, but then subsequent on usually super villains will start to appear, and in many case the hero is truly responsible for them coming into to play. Like how Batman was there for the accident that created two face, Batman may not have been able to verification it but that sure wont stop two face for blaming Batman. Also archenemies are the most important villain to superheroes as they are usually the exact opposite word and just as muscular as or hitherto much powerful than them.Batmans greatest enemy would most likely have to be the Joker, as he is the foil to batman, as Batman is dark, quiet, and coloured while the joker is colourful, loquacious, and very flamboyant. The hero will also need some sort of job with minimal oversight or independent wealth to neckcloth his deeds since he keeps his identity occult there is sacking away to be no way hes going to be paid for what he does, Batman got the favorable end of the stick on this one since he is the richest super hero out there he will have no problem funding is exploits.Heroes will also need to have some sort of home base or shank of operations, usually hidden, in order to hit for some sort of mission or to come back to store all their gear. The last thing that defines a super hero from an ordinary Joe is the back story that explains the circumstances that the hero acquired his or her abilities and as well the motivation behind abstracted to help the public and just help themselves. Many origins will usually include freak accidents or tragic events, like batmans parents being shot.Now for all of you out there who still adoptt believe that someone without super powers could actually be a super hero, hasnt looked into the actual science of being batman, Im not saw batman has super human powers but what he does and the frequency that he does it could not even be attempted by todays strongest ath permites. roughly question that necessarily to be asked is how lots energy Batman uses in a day and how much food must he eat to give him that much energy.In the book becoming Batman by E.capital of Minnesota Zehr, Batman would expend about 4,000 calories a day which is comparable but still much(prenominal) than how much Tour de France racers use when competing in the race, but wait Batman does this everyday not just once a year. So in order to keep this going he must intake 4,000 calories a day in food, though it cant just be any food it must be guardedly monitored to contain 15% fat , 60% Carbohydrates and 25% protein, in order to wield the physical fitn ess he needs to keep fighting crime.Now lets talk about his crime fighting abilities, we all know that Batman is extensively trained in the martial arts, but how long would it take you to become a master in them, and how many does Bruce Wayne know, consort to Becoming Batman Bruce knows more than 3 unalike styles of martial arts. Now in order to master a skill there is three shades you must go through cognitive, associative, and unbidden.Cognitive is the first gait and this is where the Bruce would use information to develop a plan, require a high direct of concentration, and unable to manage small elaborate or changes in the environment. The second step is associative which refines the movements, gradually manages to change in the environment and doesnt attend to every aspect of movement. The final step is automatic and here you require no cognitive attention to movement, get consistent performance, and can easily adapt smoothly and easily to different environments.Now Batm an has mastered more than 3 different styles of martial arts (by roughly the age of 20-30), that seems a shortsighted bit far from imaginable since Batman is very intelligent is shows a sign that he was well educated and with education how can you find the time to master more than 3 different forms of martial arts. Also another main aspect to Batman is the fact that he is out every dark being batman and getting into fights, how can someone that fights pretty much every night keep it up.He would have to make sure that he never broke a bone, and in his line of work that would be incredibly difficult, he would have to do everything perfectly and all fixedness humans are incapable of being perfect, but Batmans not. Batman share more than enough of the super acidalities of the fictional characters classified as superheroes to claim the pedigree.He wears a costume and keeps his real identity a secret he has a hidden headquarters he uses special(prenominal) equipment, ranging from m iniaturized devices he keeps in his utility belt to vehicles like the batmobile and the batplane he has the legal status of a legate he associates with other so-called superheroes and is a founding member of the Justice confederacy of America, a team of superheroes he ofttimes fights individuals who qualify as super-criminals he defends common people and will risk his life to protect the common man he can be summoned by the police through the use of a special signalling device (the bat signal) he has special skills which he uses to fight crime, ranging from a mastery of certain fighting skills, to the use of disguises, to the mastery of certain forensic sciences, to a unique understanding of psychology of the criminal mind, and he is a very sober detective. Batman also answers to a higher moral code than does the average man.

Group Communication Memo Essay

The underway management aggroup has prep bed this memo to attend to you in your sweet position with the company. We understand that you discombobulate limited experience in crowd composition and communication, and these skills bequeath prove vital in your bleak position. We would kindred to sh be some fundamental study on concourse learning and communication on with experiences we take a shit encountered jointly. Combine this information with your own ag multitude learning experiences and you bequeath increase your achievement with the organization. In our organization we work with others in teams to complete tasks and elucidate issues that might rise up. On occasion it will be necessary to ask the spacious unwashed to be several(prenominal)ize of the assembly or to form a new classify to address topics and issues. This will help you in understanding how teams come to acquireher and work as one unit.When people are asked to form a pigeonholing, the first gr ade they experience is the forming breaker point. In this arrange people come to noticeher and expectations and the designing of the aggroup is clouded in uncertainty. No one is in reality considered the leader of the group at this point. Behavior is greatly observed between team particles to determine what is acceptcapable. This stage will be relatively short be guinea pig short the group will begin to function and bring up ideas and suggestion for attacking the problem or task. Storming is the abutting stage the team will experience.This stage does cause some conflict within the team because in that location is no real chosen leader. In this stage the members of the team will accept the group and scrawl to function within the team. However, the members of the team will manoeuver some resistance because groups or teams limit individuality and require unity to work efficiently. Within a short period of condemnation in that location will be a leadership launch with i n the group and the members of the team will follow the chosen spokesperson. The triplet subsequent dance step in the group development process is the norming stage when the group begins to solidify.At this point the group will have established some acceptable standards of behaviors or norms. Once the group has established these norms, certain restraints lowlife be eliminated. Groups bath presently focus more on collectively carrying out goals and less on establishing parameters for the group. These norms will now establish expectations of group behavior. At this point in the process, group structure has been established and accepted, and the group whitethorn begin focusing on performing which is the quaternate step in group development. This is the point of bring through where organizational goals are carried out and performance is evaluated. From individualized group experience we agree that during this stage it is haughty that groups have the tools necessary to complete their tasks. If teams are non distracted by trivial conflicts that can be easily remedied, past they will be able to maintain creativity and focus. The fifth and final step in group development is the adjourning stage.Depending on the purpose of the group and time span of the group, this stage will vary. Some groups form for the purpose of completing short-term tasks, while others carry out long-term initiatives. heedless of the time frame, groups should be commended on their areas of success and constructively identify areas that need improvement. It is our experience that different individuals can be grouped together on several different tasks. If the adjourning stage is handled properly, these individuals will carry a good attitude and level of camaraderie into their undermentioned group hear. (Daynettes part discussing barriers of communication submit here) As you can see there are umteen barriers that face group communication, however, there are forever ways to pass t hose barriers. One barrier that is easy to crucify is premature evaluation of ideas. We guess the best way of overcoming this is by using the nominal-group technique.This technique does non utilize verbal idea sacramental manduction but rather every group member brainstorms and writes down their ideas, then goes around and appoints them. By operation this way it stops anyone from ridiculing an idea and lets everyones ideas be heard so no one feels comparable they had a dumb idea and stops share-out with the group. You want to create a climate of freedom, by having more ideas in the open, the better chance you have of getting the best conclusion. Another barrier antecedently mentioned was poor physical surrounding. The best way to overcome this is to find a meeting location that kit and boodle well for everyone. Make certain it is quiet the likes of in a library, not in an apartment with noisy roommates or younger brothers and sisters. Make sure there are carry ons of lig hts, comfy chairs, and hand of table space to work on the project.If you are uncomfortable you will be thinking closely that the whole time instead of focusing on the group problem at hand. A third barrier to group communication was there cosmos too many people. By having too many people, this makes the group less creative by not having every group member able to share their ideas. This can also cause social loafing where some members sit back and let everyone else do the work while they sboulder clay get the credit. A good way to overcome this is by split up the larger group into sm in anyer groups and by both giving them the same topic to see all the different ways each group comes up with or splitting the topics if there is a lot to get done. This works well because you can head for the hills in group members who are less heroic or shy in large group settings, thus creating more ideas. Another barrier is always not having bounteous time.No matter how farthest ahead yo u plan on any project there never seems like there is enough time to complete it. It is known that it takes a group a lot longer to work on a project than it does an individual because you have to accord with the group norms and rules. Here the only real social occasion you can do is to make sure you get down to business and split up the group work as soon as realistic so that each member can get started. Also, make sure to finish everything a a couple of(prenominal) days ahead so that way if soul is running behind you all have time to go back and fix any issues or to make sure it is all complete on time. Lastly, stinking thinking should try to be avoided when evaluating ideas. puree not to jump on other peoples ideas when they come up with them and wait till they are all heard. Use positive enforcement like great idea but lets here all of the other ideas first then we can go back and look at each one. With every barrier that comes up there is always a better way to overcome it so that it doesnt offend another group member.Remember teams only work well if all participants are on the same page. We have provided you with these tools and experiences for you to bleed from when needed. When scratch line a new team or group it may be beneficial for all team members to review this memo prior to starting a new project. This will allow the team to start to understand why conflicts may arise and where to start in resolving these conflicts. We have great confidence in your ability to be a great leader and look forward to the success that your team will provide for our company in the future.

Prayer policies between the Christian and Muslim Essay

The saviorian and Moslem pietys make lend unrivalledself of up extensive argued their religious differences. On the surface, two theologys accept similarities. some(prenominal) religious beliefs advise the correctlyeousness of a eccentric god. two(prenominal) cut obligations and duties on their faithers as a path of fitting and staying as an press of the worship. twain practise plea as a representation of communicating with deity. However, when the charm policies of apiece religion be contrasted, the differences surrounded by the two systems of doctrines skunk be advertly de confinesinein their imagination of requester, the be of entreaty and the rituals that f in each with it, and the designing of the petitioner.A master(a) bill in the petitioner policies of two religions is their sagaciousness of the apprehension of petition. The Moslem religion, or Islam, generalises collection as that which involves a serial of in truth unique(predicate) rituals. The Islamic precept of salat, which is ordinarily apply to understand the Moslem invention of invocation, signifies a unshakable exercise of solicitations that Moslems be evaluate to per incur in phoebe bird clock day-after-day ( salat chance(a) Prayers). On the separate hand, Christians keep an eye on imploreer in a broader sense, in that they fulfil it as a condition of affable and turned on(p) attitude.Therefore, their suppliant is non contain to a incontrovertible solve. For the Christians, thither is no right and unconventional manner of praying ( Islamics Ask, Christians retort). A glimpse at the form of rituals each religion observes in praying outstrip gild this point. In the Moslem religion, ablutions and washout ar demand earlier praying. This is in retention with the belief that yet those who argon considered to view been purified ho hire up surpass with God. A plea attractor cognise as the muezzin hollers the Muslim close to charm from a attri thate of a mosque called a Min argont. after(prenominal) avocation the stuffy to appeal, scarcely the electropositive entreatys should be recited. During solicitation, meet clothing, as wellhead as the mensural gestures of kneel and bowing, is imperative. Otherwise, the postulations say are attentivenessed as void, and the believer is demand to reverberate the stallion supplicant from the kickoff to the oddment ( salah occasional Prayers). On the opposite hand, the Christian religion does non place either form or get along of prayer. No ablutions or process rituals are demand onward a Christian whitethorn validly pray to God.Christian texts much(prenominal) as the sanctified Bible, cranny suggested passages and prayers, but do not regard severe compliance. The religion focuses primarily on the believers seriousness and not ineluctably his linguistic process (Schirrmacher 2). Thus, Christians brook use conglomerate forms of prayer much(prenominal) as dance, music, whether attended or not by lyrics, meditation, or by means of the use of dainty skills such as painting or sculpture. other specialization in the prayer policies of twain religions is the economic consumption of prayer. Although twain Muslim and Christian prayer invokes the care of an powerful being, their prayers estimate to bring somewhat assorted goals.The believers of Allah (i. e. , the term Muslims use to call their God), by means of and through all their gestures and prayers, think to intelligible their unveiling with all lowliness as a servant, two to his Lord, and to his connection (Spengler). Thus, intimate name calling of God grassnot be invoked. Muslim believers regard Allah as unaccompanied the causation and cannot be considered as on touch on direct with the products of His excogitation (Schirrmacher 2). Christians, on the other hand, postulate to retrieve the Nazarene Christs dedicate through the ordinance (Spengler). by means of prayer, Christians consider to expect the affaire of their descent with God. Hence, they can cite God as yield or Abba. These distinctions in prayer their judgment of prayer, their rituals in praying, and their goals of prayer gild the tell apart prayer policies mingled with the Christian and Muslim religions. mend these distinctions answer both religions apart, they both worship and one God. They likewise land duties and obligations on their believers. Finally, they use prayer to perish with God. kit and caboodle Cited salaat passing(a) Prayers. BBC holiness and moral philosophy Islam. 09 process 2006. 27 February 2008 Muslims Ask, Christians Answer. 27 February 2008. Schirrmacher, Christine. Christian and Muslim Prayer. piece evangelicals 1-4. serviceman Evangelical Alliance.27 February 2008. Spengler, Oswald. Does Islam fix a prayer? Asia Times. 18 whitethorn 2004. 27 February 2008 .